<p>The Giant City Stone Fort Site is the site of a prehistoric stone enclosure located within Giant City State Park in Jackson County, Illinois, United States. The Stone Fort dates to the Late Woodland period and was constructed and used in the period from c. AD 600–900; it is one of ten such sites known in Southern Illinois. All ten were constructed atop either promontories or hilltops; the Giant City site is in the former group, as it sits atop a sloped ridge. The purpose of these enclosures is unclear; while archaeologists originally theorized that they were military fortifications, the present archaeological consensus suggests that the sites were used as meeting places or ceremonial locations of some nature.</p><br>
<p>The original stone wall of the fort was dismantled by European settlers in the region, who used the stone as a building material; the stone base is all that remains of the original wall. In 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps reconstructed the wall while improving the state park. The first professional archaeological investigations of the site were conducted in 1956 by archaeologists from Southern Illinois University, while the first in-depth survey of the site took place in 2000–2001. The site is accessible to park visitors via a nature trail.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Presque Isle Lodge is a rustic hotel located at 8211 East Grand Lake Road in Presque Isle, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1910s, construction began on what is now US-23, opening northern Michigan in general, and this area around Grand Lake specifically, to more tourism. One of the families to take advantage of this was that of Newell A. Eddy, Sr., and his wife, Marianna McRuer Field Eddy. Eddy was a lumberman from the Bay City area, and the couple purchased the land around where the Lodge sits for their personal recreational use. The land was purchased in several transactions over the period 1908–13. Their son Newell A. Eddy Jr. (born in 1880) also used the property.</p><br>
<p>In about 1920 Eddy Jr. had this lodge constructed on the family&#39;s property. Eddy also built the knotty pine furniture within the Lodge, with the help of area craftsmen. After the opening of the Lodge, Eddy established the "Habitant Shops of Presque Isle Lodge," which constructed similar furniture for guests. The shop first operated from the Presque Isle Lodge property, but by 1922 had moved to Bay City.</p><br>
<p>Newell A. Eddy Jr. died in 1940. His family sold the Lodge in 1944. Milton A. Underwood and his wife, Bessie C. Underwood, purchased it in 1947. They operated the Lodge until Bessie Underwood&#39;s death in 1977. Robert G. and Laurie E. Spencer, acquired a partial interest in the Lodge in 1986, and reopened it as a bed and breakfast in 1989. They purchased the remaining interest in 1997. The Lodge continues to operate as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presque Isle Lodge is a two-story gable-roof rustic wood-frame structure measuring 150 feet bo 36 feet. The exterior is faced with half-log sidong on the first floor and board-and-batten siding on the second. The main entrance is sheltered under a low gable-roof porch supported by two log front posts. A screened porch is on one end of the building, surrounding a massive fieldstone chimney.</p><br>
<p>The entryway opens into a lobby with wood flooring and a massive fireplace. Log posts support the second floor, and doors near the fireplace also access the exterior porch. The main floor also houses an office, a small gathering space, bathrooms, and large dining room. The staircase to the second floor is in the center of the lobby. On the second floor, the lodge&#39;s visitor rooms are arranged along both sides of a central hall that runs from end to end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The lodge contains a large collection of the Habitant Shops rustic furniture.</p><br>
<p>The Presque Isle County Courthouse, also known as the Onaway Courthouse, is a government building located on the corner of State and Maple Streets in Onaway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Merritt Chandler was born in 1843 near Adrian, Michigan. He made a fortune in lumbering and then in building roads; in 1886 he platted the village of Onaway. By 1903, Onaway had a population of 3000, making it the largest settlement in Presque Isle County. In 1908, Chandler constructed this building and donated it to the county in an effort to wrest the county seat away from Rogers City. The drive failed, but as a compromise, county court sessions were alternated between Rogers City and Onaway until the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The building served various functions over the years, but began to fall into disrepair. In the late 1990s, restoration efforts began, and over $1 million was spent to improve the heating and electrical system, replace the roof and windows, refinish the interior, and install a clock in the clocktower.</p><br>
<p>As of 2009, the building houses the Onaway Branch of the Presque Isle District Library, the Onaway Historical Museum, the Chamber of Commerce, and offices of the City of Onaway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presque Isle County Courthouse is a two-story asymmetric structure built of poured concrete block building on a fieldstone foundation. Its Eclectic design incorporates Italian Villa, Romanesque, and Renaissance Revival styles. It has a low-pitched hip roof with overhanging eaves supported by bracketry, and a square off-center tower.</p><br>
<p>The Floed–Lane House, also known as the Creed Floed House, is a Classical Revival house museum in Roseburg, Oregon. It was completed in 1854, although some researchers believed the year was 1860. The house is a standard, two up and two down design with upper and lower story porches. It was home to the daughter of Joseph Lane and generations of descendants of the Lane family until it was donated to the Douglas County Historical Society in 1960, following damage sustained in the Roseburg Blast of 1959. The Lane family intended the gift as a memorial to Joseph Lane and family.</p><br>
<p>Aaron and Sarah Rose, for whom Roseburg is named, sold an acre of their 1851 Donation Land Claim to Solomon and Hyman Abraham in 1860. The Abraham brothers purchased an additional acre from Rose in 1861. Speculation exists about whether the Floed–Lane House had already been constructed on the property purchased by the Abraham brothers. In 1866, Roseburg merchant John Creed Floed and his wife, Sarah Emily Lane, daughter of Joseph Lane, purchased an acre from the Abrahams, and the house was part of the transaction. General Lane lived in a two-room house nearby but spent his daylight hours with his children and grandchildren in nearby houses, including the Floed–Lane House.</p><br>
<p>The house is known by several names, including the Lane House, the Joseph Lane House, and the Creed Floed House, and the description accompanying the NRHP nomination form begins, The Lane House General Joseph "Creed Floed House" in Roseburg was built in 1853–54. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Radka–Bradley House also known as the Bradley House, was built as a private house at 176 West Michigan Avenue in Rogers City, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and is now the Presque Isle County Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was constructed in 1914 by George J. Radka, a local contractor and the owner of a planing mill. Radka died unexpectedly at the end of 1914, and in 1915 the house was sold to J. L. Marsters, general superintendent of the Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company. Later that year, Marsters sold the house to his boss, Carl D. Bradley, a shipping magnate and president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical.</p><br>
<p>Bradley made extensive revisions to the home, enlarging it considerably. Bradley lived in the house until 1928, when he died unexpectedly during a vacation to Pasadena, California.</p><br>
<p>After Bradleys death and in accordance with his contract, Michigan Limestone purchased the house from his widow. Bradleys successor as president, John G. Munson, lived there from 1928 to 1939. When Munson moved along to a higher position in USA Steel, Michigan limestones parent company, the house passed to his successor Irvin L. Clymer, who lived here until 1950. When Clymer was likewise promoted, USA Steels northern district manager Joseph Valentin occupied the house until his retirement in 1957.</p><br>
<p>After Valentin&#39;s retirement, Michigan Limestone allowed the county to use the house as the Presque Isle District Library. The library moved into the building in 1957 and occupied it until 1980. The company then deeded the house to the Presque Isle County Historical Museum, who moved in in 1981. The building is still used as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Radka–Bradley House is a -story frame house with a side-gable roof covered with green shingles on a foundation covered with rounded cobblestones. A shed dormer runs across the front, and a single-story glassed in porch covers the entrance. Side porches are located at each end of the house. The roof rafters extend to the exterior of the house, and end in scalloped lower surfaces.</p><br>
<p>The house has seven bedrooms, four baths, and three sun porches.</p><br>
<p>Dry Bridge Elementary School, also known as East Martinsville Grammar School, is a historic Rosenwald school located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was built between 1928 and 1930, and is a one-story, rectangular brick building with a concrete foundation, brick walls and deck-on-hip roof. The building housed four classrooms. Annexation brought Dry Bridge School into the Martinsville School District in 1948, and a freestanding school addition was built beside Dry Bridge School in 1958. The two buildings were called the East Martinsville Grammar School. The school closed at the end of the 1967–1968 school year as the result of school desegregation in Martinsville. In 1969, MARC Workshop, Inc. began occupying the building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Little Post Office is a historic post office building located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was built in 1893, and is a small one-story, gable front brick building with a frame rear extension. The exterior and one-room interior of the building are detailed in the Queen Anne style. It was used as a contract post office by star route mail delivery supervisor John B. Anglin from 1893 to 1917.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is located in the East Church Street-Starling Avenue Historic District. It is now part of an art installation of the Piedmont Arts Association.</p><br>
<p>The Martinsville Novelty Corporation Factory is a historic factory complex located at Martinsville, Virginia. The main factory was built in 1929, and is a long, three-story, brick building that was constructed for the purpose of manufacturing small pieces of furniture called "novelty" pieces in the furniture trade. Associated with the main factory are the contributing wood storage area and the kilns where the wood was dried; a long, metal Quonset hut; a railroad spur and trestle; a long concrete-block and frame storage building; and a small, rectangular, brick building that at one time housed a restaurant that served the employees of Martinsville Novelty and W. M. Bassett Furniture factory. The Martinsville Novelty Corporation was the last significant furniture concern established in Martinsville before the Great Depression. The factory closed in 1995.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Scuffle Hill is a historic home located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was built between 1917 and 1920, and it occupies the shell of an earlier house, built in 1905, which was gutted by fire in 1917. It is a two-story, brick mansion with a gable roof with dormers, two-story polygonal window bays, a poured concrete foundation, and granite belt courses. The front facade features a Doric order portico in the Colonial Revival style. The original house was built by tobacco magnate Col. Pannill Rucker and rebuilt and later owned by the Rives Brown family, and subsequently by the Pannill family, owner of Pannill Knitting. The home later became the parish house of Christ Episcopal Church. The home is named for the first plantation in Henry County, Virginia of Revolutionary War hero General Joseph Martin, who called his first acreage "Scuffle Hill," as he said he had to scuffle to come up with the money for it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is located in the East Church Street-Starling Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Martinsville Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Virginia. It encompasses 94 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures in the central business district of Martinsville. The buildings range in date from the early-19th century through the mid- 20th century and include notable examples of the Romanesque, Federal, and Colonial Revival styles. Notable buildings include the Henry County Courthouse , Peoples Bank , Globmans Department Store , Ford Building , USA Post Office , the Masonic Temple, the Henry Hotel , the Martinsville Hotel , First National Bank Building , the Knights of Pythias Building , Oakley Apartment / Office Building , the Chief Tassel Building , First United Methodist Church of Martinsville , Richardson&#39;s Motor Co. , Gravely Pin Factory , and Sale Knitting Plant .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Fayette Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Virginia. It encompasses 116 contributing buildings, in a traditionally African-American section of Martinsville. It includes a variety of commercial, religious, educational and residential buildings dating from the late-19th century through the mid- 20th century. Notable buildings include the Dennis Hairston House , community Market , Mt. Carmel Church, Grace United Presbyterian Church , Albert Harris Intermediate School, Alex Hairston House , Baldwin Block, Watkins-Hairston Funeral Home , Gordon Building , and the Imperial Savings and Loan .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>East Church Street–Starling Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Virginia. It encompasses 117 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing object in a residential section of Martinsville. The buildings range in date from the range in date from the mid-1880s to the mid-1950s and include notable examples of the Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival styles. Notable buildings include the James Cheshire House, the Obidiah Allen House, John W. Carter House , Christ Episcopal Church , G.T. Lester House or the “Wedding Cake House” , John W. Townes House , Vaughn M. Draper House , and Martinsville High School  and Gymnasium Building . Located in the district are the separately listed John Waddey Carter House, Scuffle Hill, and the Little Post Office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The John Waddey Carter House is a historic home located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was reportedly based on a design by architect George Franklin Barber and built in 1896. It is a two-story, irregularly massed, gray frame weatherboard sheathed Queen Anne style dwelling. It features a dominant two-story central gable, an asymmetrical one-story wrap-around porch, and a polygonal corner tower. It is topped by a standing-seam metal-clad hipped roof with steeply pitched lower cross gables. It also has a two-story bay window and service ell.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is located in the East Church Street-Starling Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>J. Thomas Newsome House is a historic home located at Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1898, and is a -story, seven-bay, asymmetrical, frame Queen Anne style dwelling. It features a steeply pitched irregularly composed roof, three sided bay, front Palladian window, and corner tower. From 1906 until 1942, it was the residence of J. Thomas Newsome , an African-American attorney and journalist.</p><br>
<p>The restored house is open to the public as the Newsome House Museum & Cultural Center, and features exhibits related to African-American art, history and culture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew Jones House is a historic plantation house located on Fort Eustis in Newport News, Virginia. The house sits on a hill toward the northern end of Mulberry Island, overlooking the James River. It was built ca. 1725 as a one-and-a-half-story frame dwelling with brick chimneys and later underwent two major renovations. During the first renovation, in 1730, the walls were bricked in and a shed room and porch tower were added. During the second, in 1893, the house was raised to a full two stories. In 1918 the house and its surrounding land were acquired by the USA government for the establishment of an army post. By the late twentieth century, the Matthew Jones House had fallen into grave disrepair. In 1993 it was preserved and rehabilitated by the National Park Service in cooperation with the USA Army Corps of Engineers. Today it serves as an architectural museum.</p><br>
<p>At times in the past the Matthew Jones House was also known as the "Brick House" for its construction, and the nearby creek, now known as Milstead Creek, was once called Brick House Creek. It is frequently stated in popular histories of the area and on the Matthew Jones House roadside historical marker that the plantation was once known as "Bourbon".</p><br>
<h2>Period I (ca. 1725)</h2><br>
<p>The Matthew Jones House, named after its original owner, was built around 1725 as a -story frame house with brick chimneys. The house in its earliest form was earthfast – rather than the house standing on a foundation, its main structural posts extended into the ground. The original form of the house was a two-room hall and parlor style dwelling, with the hall serving as a multipurpose living and working room and the parlor, or chamber, used for sleeping and private dining.</p><br>
<p>An exterior brick kitchen was built in 1727.</p><br>
<h2>Period II (1730)</h2><br>
<p>Matthew Jones died in 1728 and left his house to his son Scervant, who was a minor at the time. Scervant&#39;s guardian, John Jones, embarked on improvements to the house which had probably been planned by Matthew before his death. The exterior walls of the house were rebuilt in brick, though several beams from the earlier framing were retained as part of the roof framing and have survived to this day. The house also acquired a cellar at this time and was no longer earthfast, but rather had a brick foundation. The foundation was laid in English bond, while brickwork in the rest of the house was laid using Flemish bond. Several decorative elements are present in the brickwork: the headers of the bricks are glazed, and rubbed bricks were used around the windows and at the corners of the building.</p><br>
<p>Two additions were made to the house at this time: a shed room at the back of the building and a two-story porch tower at the front. The shed room provided additional sleeping or storage space, while the new tower entry provided a measure of control over who had access to the interior, private spaces of the house. In the second quarter of the eighteenth century, central passages were becoming commonly used for this purpose. The Joneses likely built the porch tower, a more old-fashioned architectural feature, rather than a central passage because there was not enough space within the existing plan of the house to insert a passage without making the size of the rooms to either side inconveniently small.</p><br>
<p>Dendrochronological testing of several of the timbers from this period of renovation revealed that the trees used were felled in 1729 and were used soon after they were cut down, probably in 1730.</p><br>
<h2>Period III (1893)</h2><br>
<p>The Matthew Jones House underwent extensive remodeling in 1893. At that time the exterior kitchen was demolished and its bricks used to raise the house to a full two stories. Bricks with the inscription "Matthew Jones 1727," which had formerly been part of the kitchen, were placed on the façade at the base of the new second story. In contrast with the original brickwork, the bricks of the new addition were laid in seven-course American bond. The outline of the original roof is still visible at each end of the building, more steeply pitched than the current roof. To accommodate the new, higher roofline, the original chimneys were heightened by adding twin stacks to the top of each. The windows were replaced, and a second door was cut into the east wall of the house, which eventually led to a frame addition which was built sometime between 1893 and the 1910s. This addition was present when photographs were taken in the 1930s but has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 the USA government purchased Mulberry Island and the surrounding land in order to establish an army post known as Camp Eustis, now Fort Eustis. The Matthew Jones House was among the properties acquired at this time. The Army used the building as post housing for several decades. After World War II, the house was abandoned and sat vacant for years.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, a project to measure and record the Matthew Jones House was undertaken as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS). Drawings of all four elevations and floor plans of the first and second floors and of the cellar were produced, and ten photographs of the exterior were taken. A HABS inventory form was completed in 1959. In April 1969 the house was declared a Virginia Historic Landmark, and in June of the same year it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Period IV (1993 - )</h2><br>
<p>By the late twentieth century, the house was noticeably deteriorating. Members of the Fort Eustis Historical and Archaeological Association took notice and urged the Army to take steps to preserve it. In 1993, personnel from the National Park Service&#39;s Williamsport Preservation Training Center (WPTC), using funding provided by the Norfolk office of the USA Army Corps of Engineers, undertook a project to halt the decline of the house. The primary objective of this project was the stabilization and preservation of the building, with a secondary goal of providing the opportunity for visitors to see the building techniques that were used in the past.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the house was restored to its Period III appearance.</p><br>
<p>In order to facilitate the second objective, it was decided to leave the interior of the building in a state of "semi-ruin," with architectural elements exposed. All Period I and II elements were left intact, while Period III elements were repaired if possible or replaced, and twentieth-century features were removed.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is managed by the Fort Eustis Cultural Resources program.</p><br>
<p>References:</p><br>
<p>Simon Reid Curtis House, now known as the Boxwood Inn, is a historic home located in the Lee Hall neighborhood of Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1897, and is a large, -story, Colonial Revival style frame combined store, post office, and dwelling. The building consists of two separate structures attached to form a T-shaped building with common architectural features. It was built by Simon Reid Curtis , a prominent businessman and land owner, who was an influential political leader in Warwick County, Virginia from the 1890s until his death in 1949. The Curtis family owned the house until 1996 when it was sold, renovated, and converted into a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>James A. Fields House is a historic home located in the Brookville Heights neighborhood in the East End of Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1897, and is a two-story, Italianate style red brick dwelling on a raised basement. It features an entrance tower with a low pitched hipped roof and two ten-foot tall two-over-two windows on the first floor. It was built by the prominent African-American lawyer and politician James A. Fields  and served as the location of the first black hospital in the city, which later became the Whittaker Memorial Hospital.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Apartments, also known as Shipyard Apartments, is a historic apartment complex located at Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1918, and consists of two, four-story, U-shaped brick apartment buildings decorated with simple bands of sandstone. The buildings features some classically derived decoration around the portals and a few accents of the same type on the parapets. They were built for the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation to alleviate the housing shortage created by an influx of workers into the Newport News Shipyards during World War I. Two of the four original buildings were destroyed, one in 1975 and the other in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Smiths Pharmacy is a historic commercial building located in the East End section of Newport News, Virginia. It is a two-story brick building. The first floor was built in 1946 to house the pharmacy with the second floor being added in 1952 to serve as office space. The interior of the first floor remains virtually unaltered with the original pharmaceutical retail space, counters, soda fountain and wooden booths. It was the pharmacy of Dr. Charles Calvin Smith, an African-American pharmacist who established the store to serve that community in Newport News. He opened the first black owned pharmacy in Newport News in 1921. The Smiths Pharmacy was sold to the Eckerd Corporation in 1999.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Causeys Mill is a historic grist mill located in Causeys Mill Park at Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1866, and is a small two-story wood-frame building originally supported by a brick and concrete foundation. It retains its original machinery and is one of the two last surviving grist mills on the Peninsula. The mill operated until nearly the 20th century. In 2011, the mill was moved about 75 feet from its original location away from the shore of the Mariners&#39; Lake and set on a new foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Dumaw Creek Site is an archaeological site designated 20OA5, located along Dumaw Creek northeast of Pentwater, Michigan, that was the location of a 17th-century village and cemetery. It is one of the youngest pre-historic sites in Michigan, dating to the terminal Late Woodland Period just prior to European contact. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village that once stood at this location was likely inhabited in the early part of the 17th century (about 1605–1620, according to Quimby). It is likely that they were uprooted from this location soon after Samuel de Champlain&#39;s 1615 visit to the region, as warring tribes spilled into Michigan. Were they the Potawatomi people, they eventually made their way by the 1640s to the region around Sault Ste. Marie.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, white pine grew up in the plain where the village stood. The pine was lumbered in 1870-1880, after which the land was gradually converted to agricultural use, and was farmed as late as 1930. In the 1940s, oil was discovered in the area, and wells were installed.</p><br>
<p>The Dumaw Creek site was originally discovered in 1915 by a farmer, Christoph "Carl" Schrumpf 1854–1949, who was pulling a stump from his field. Schrumpf discovered 18 skeletons and various artifacts in 1915–16. These artifacts were catalogued by the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan in 1924, but the artifacts and records were not generally well known by archaeologists. Schrumpf eventually sold the collection to a private dealer, and they eventually made their way, sans any identifying data, to George I. Quimby at the Field Museum in 1959.</p><br>
<p>Quimby eventually tracked the source of the artifacts to the Dumaw Creek site, and in 1960-62 did some summer surface collection there. He also located other artifacts already dug from the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dumaw Creek site is located on a sandy plain near Dumaw Creek, a tributary of the Pentwater River, at a site not easily accessible by canoe. The creek itself runs through a small valley about 30 ft beneath the level of the plain. The site, covering 50 acre, was used as a village and burial ground.</p><br>
<p>The village is thought to have been a semi-permanent settlement with dome-shaped wigwams. The people hunted and fished, and grew corn and pumpkins.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts and features found at the site include burials, faunal remains, stone tools, bone tools, red ocher/mineral paint (used for ceremonial coloring), copper artifacts, shell artifacts, tobacco pipes, animal skins, and vegetal and textile remains.</p><br>
<p>At least nineteen, and perhaps as many as 55 skeletons were removed from burial sites in the Dumaw Creek site. The bodies were wrapped in furs and buried with stone implements and copper beads.</p><br>
<p>The stone implements found include arrowheads, knives, and scraping tools of chipped flint and axes of a hard, granular stone. There were also a considerable number of copper artifacts found at the site. Many were large bead-like tubes of copper known as hair pipes, which were worn as hair ornaments. There were also other, generally smaller copper beads, conical decorations, and copper plaques, as well as shell beads and pendants. Carved stone pipe bowls were also found, as well as animal skins and pottery.</p><br>
<p>The pottery is described by Quimby as grit-tempered vessels with round-bottomed, globular forms with broad orifices and slightly flaring rims. The rim edges are often scalloped or crimped. The vessel pictured below with a scalloped rim has been compared to the Moccasin Bluff Scalloped type from the Moccasin Bluff site on the St. Joseph River in southwestern Michigan. This pottery type is diagnostic of a Late Woodland period temporal placement, just before European contact. There was also a shell pendant with a "weeping eye" design as shown below. This motif has been seen in other Late Prehistoric sites in the Great Lakes area.</p><br>
<p>Warwick County Courthouses, also known as the Warwick County Courthouse and Clerks Office, is a historic courthouse and clerks office located at Newport News, Virginia. The original county courthouse was located closer to the James River at Warwick Town near Denbigh Plantation, but is no longer standing. The county moved it&#39;s seat to this location in 1810 and built a one-story, three-room, T-shaped plan Federal-style brick building. It has a slate-covered gable roof and exterior end chimneys. The building was later enlarged by a side and rear addition. The later courthouse was built in 1884, and is a two-story, Italianate style brick building. It has a rectangular plan and a shallow metal-covered hipped roof with three shallow cross gables. It features a square wood bell cupola that rises above the central projecting bay. Also on the property is a contributing Confederate monument dedicated in 1909. The buildings housed county offices until 1958, when Warwick County, Virginia combined with the City of Newport News.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Warwick is a historic hotel building located at Newport News, Virginia. It was built in 1928, and is a seven-story, brick building in an eclectic Gothic Revival / Art Deco style. It features terra cotta tile ornamentation and a continuous terra cotta and brick false parapet. A two-story addition was added to the rear of the building in 1962. It was the first skyscraper, first tower hotel and first fireproof hotel in Newport News. It replaced an earlier Hotel Warwick built by Collis Potter Huntington in 1883.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church complex in Newport News, Virginia, United States. It was built 1916–1917 and is a -story, brick, Classical Revival style longitudinal-plan church. It was designed by the Carl Ruehrmurd of Richmond, Virginia. The front facade features a pedimented portico with four fluted Corinthian order columns. Associated with the church are the contributing rectory , garage , and prayer garden. The parish was established as a mission of the St. Mary Star of the Sea Church at Old Point Comfort in 1881. St. Alphonsus, an African American parish established in 1944, was merged with St. Vincent de Paul in 1970. This made it the first historic church in downtown Newport News to be racially integrated.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Noland Company Building is a historic building located at Newport News, Virginia. The original section was built in 1920, and is three stories in height and is a cast-in-place concrete and brick structure. Later additions are a four-story brick addition and two-story brick addition parallel to the four-story section to create a "U" shape. The building took its present form by 1938. It features large industrial-sized windows that provide light in both the three- and four-story sections. Until 1996, the building served as headquarters for the Noland Company, a wholesale distributor of plumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, electrical, and industrial supplies.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Whittaker Memorial Hospital is a historic hospital building located in the Brookville Heights neighborhood in the East End of Newport News, Virginia. The original section was built in 1943 with additions in 1957 and 1966. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest portion of the building has a symmetrical "T"-plan with both Moderne and Art Deco influences. It has a concrete frame, with concrete roof and floor slabs, and curtain walls constructed of alternating bands of yellow and brown bricks. The central mass is three stories tall and has two-story wings. The Whittaker Memorial Hospital was founded in 1908 to serve the African-American population of Newport News. The hospital was built by African-American physicians and designed by African-American architects, William Henry Moses Jr. and Charles Thaddeus Russell.</p><br>
<p>It was originally housed in the James A. Fields House, then in a frame hospital built in 1915 before this building was constructed in 1943. The hospital closed in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Medical Arts Building is an American historic medical office building located at Newport News, Virginia. It was designed by architect Charles M. Robinson and built in 1928. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a four-story, nine bay by ten bay, rectangular brick building with Greek Revival style decorative elements. It has a heavy galvanized metal, denticulated cornice with a denticulated pediment over the projecting center section. The flat roof is fronted by a tall, brick, parapet wall topped by cast concrete. The front entrance is flanked by pilasters that support the entablature with the incised name Medical Arts Building. Above this is a shallow denticulated cornice that crowns the entire composition and carries a cast iron balustrade or false balcony.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was historically used as a commercial building and featured several doctors and dentists offices as early as 1931. Several of the original doctors offices had segregated waiting rooms for nonwhite patients, this was one of the few locations in the area nonwhites could go for medical care. By 1971 at least two of the original doctors offices still remained. In later years tenants would include the Seaman&#39;s union, several attorneys, and an insurance agency. The historic building has since been converted into senior living apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas J. Flippin House, also known as the Clatskanie Castle or simply The Castle by some and the Flippin Castle by others, is a 14-room, shingle-style Queen Anne structure in Clatskanie, Oregon. The house was commissioned in 1898 by Thomas J. Flippin, son of Oregon pioneers and founder of the West Oregon Lumber Company. The San Andreas, California, firm of Markwell and Sons built the house, covered in hand-cut shingles made by a brother of Thomas Flippin. The Flippin family occupied the home even before construction ended in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Flippin had begun his lumber career as a skid greaser on a bull-team skid row, and the completion of his new home represented not only a perch above the town of Clatskanie but also a place above local society. The Flippins were not happy in their new home, and remained there only three years before vacating the house and ending their marriage. The house passed through several hands and served as an apartment building prior to being restored. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Boldrup Plantation Archeological Site is a historic archaeological site located at Newport News, Virginia. A modern residential development has succeeded the 17th-century plantation. The area was originally patented by ancient planter William Claiborne in 1626. Three successive colonial governors lived at Boldrup : John Harvey , Samuel Stephens  and William Berkeley . The last owned it through his wife , Frances Culpeper Berkeley, who with her new husband sold it to another member of the Virginia Governors Council  William Cole  in 1671. Although it remained in the Cole family for at least another two generations  also serving as a burgess), a William Cole&#39; advertised it for sale in 1776 and again in 1782, by which time he was living at Buckland plantation in Charles City County, which he had also inherited. Soon thereafter, Boldrup was owned by Judge Richard Cary, who was married to Mary Cole, daughter of William Cole Jr. and lived at Peartree Hall nearby, and at his death bequeathed it to his son Miles Cary. The Cary family owned several nearby plantations in Warwick and adjoining counties, including Richneck, Marshfield  and Windmill Point, but never resided at Boldrup.</p><br>
<p>By 1896, little remained of the once-extensive plantation, which archeologists explored in the 1980s before the current residential development. William Cole&#39;s grave slab remains in a residential front yard; the graves of his second and third wives, and a pit house, were also unearthed and explored during those excavations.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Denbigh Plantation, also known as Mathews Manor, is a historic archaeological site located at Newport News, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The earliest owner of land in this area is known to be merchant Abraham Peirsey (who first came to Virginia in 1616 aboard the ship Susan), and died in 16 January 1628. The name Denbigh is first recorded in 1635 in a will, but it is very likely the Anglican parish from which it draws its name was established a decade earlier, at the same time as the other parishes in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Matthews Family</h2><br>
<p>Captain Samuel Mathews acquired the property upon his marriage to Peirsey&#39;s widow, Frances Greville. (Frances Greville had arrived in Virginia in 1620 as one of four women aboard the Supply, married Lt Col Nathaniel West (d. 1623/4), then Abraham Piersey (d. 1628), then Samuel Matthews) Greville would die around 1633. Mathews would spend much of his later life in England, eventually remarrying to a daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton. Wealth in Virginia and political power in England would make him a key figure in the early politics of the Virginia colony.</p><br>
<p>The house, to be known as Mathews Manor, was built about 1626, possibly started by Peirsey. The post-medieval half-timbered Mathews Manor included a projecting porch and center chimney, both characteristic of Virginias earliest substantial dwellings. Mathewss original grand house burned about 1650 and was replaced with a less substantial home nearby by his son, Samuel Mathews Jr. (1630–1660), a popular loyalist-leaning governor of Colonial Virginia (1656–1660) during the commonwealth period. John Mathews, b. 1659 (son of Samuel Mathews Jr, grandson of Capt Mathews) is known to have lived at the home as a child, until sometime after receiving a patent on 9 March 1678 for 2944 acres on Deep Creek about 2 miles south of this location, near Blunt Poynt (Blount Point).</p><br>
<p>It is recorded that on 24 Jun 1679, William Cole was serving as guardian for the young John Mathews. William Cole had purchased nearby Boldrup Plantation in April 1671, and held it through his death in 1694. William Coles daughter Susannah married Dudley Digges and Williams own second wife was Anne Digges, both of children of Edward Digges, cementing the Cole-Digges family of Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Warwick Town</h2><br>
<p>In 1680, the Virginia House of Burgesses created a port town at the convergence of the Warwick River and Deep Creek. This was accomplished via the purchase of 50 acres of land from Denbigh Plantation. By 1691, this became an urban center including a courthouse, jail, and several houses. By 1730 it was a small commercial center, including a tobacco inspection warehouse, shipbuilding facilities, and wharf. By 1752, a free school for poor children was present, supported by the county.</p><br>
<p>Property owners in Warwick Town included William Digges and Richard Young, who operated a tavern there.</p><br>
<h2>Digges Family</h2><br>
<p>Denbigh plantation was acquired by the Digges family between 1698 and 1720, first by Cole Digges, grandson (and nephew) of William Cole, the same who had been guardian of the young John Mathews. The Digges family constructed another manor house very near the Mathews Manor house. Digges family members also owned the Bellfield/E.D. plantation in York County at that time. William Digges advertised for overseers for Denbigh in 1783 and 1784, and in 1785 advertised for sale between 600 and 800 acres near "New-Port-News", possibly Denbigh plantation.</p><br>
<p>Cole Digges and William Digges represented Warwick County as burgesses (and Cole Digges served on the Virginia Governors Council) before the American Revolutionary War, and William Digges Jr. (who married one of his uncles daughters) served in the a revolutionary convention and in the Virginia House of Delegates. His brother Cole Digges also served in the Virginia Ratification Convention.</p><br>
<h2>Young Family</h2><br>
<p>The Digges family sold the 2700-acre plantation to a Mr. (Richard or John) Young in 1810, the same year a new Warwick Town courthouse was built near the main road. In 1813 the Warwick Town charter was repealed, and that portion of the property reverted to agriculture. Mr. Young later divided the area into four properties, keeping the one called Denbigh for himself, and naming the other three Quarterfield, Horse Point, and Reedy Branch, and giving them to his children. A William Garrow Young (b. 1814, wife Anne Greene Young) inherited the Denbigh estate at some point. The family would flee in 1861 to live out the American Civil War in a Salisbury, North Carolina hotel. During the American Civil War, both confederate and union troops occupied the Young Farm. William Garrow Young served as a 1st Lt. in the Warwick Beauregards and is buried near the plantation house site.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction Era</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, the area previously known as Warwick Town, now a 300-acre farm, was sold to by the Youngs to Hudson and Sallie Mench, who operated a sawmill here for 50 years. Their surname is the source of the modern neighborhood&#39;s name of Menchville.</p><br>
<p>The last Denbigh mansion burned in 1877 and was never replaced. When William and Anne Young died in 1893, the remainder of the estate went to their six children, which included physician Dr. John A. Young, George Young, Betty Young, and three others. A Richard Young is recorded as owning land in this area in 1882, when he granted prior glebe land to a church in the area. The Young family began selling off large chunks of acreage at a time in the late 1800s. A George and Betty Young were living in the separate kitchen and dairy house of the prior mansion in 1935, and died without children.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, Mennonites established a colony nearby, and that colony continued to grow rapidly over the next few decades next to and around the historical area of Denbigh Plantation. They continued to farm the land, as well as constructed a dairy and began residential development.</p><br>
<h2>Modern times, Archaeological Study</h2><br>
<p>By 1931, the former area of Warwick Town had become a municipal prison farm. Following World War II, Warwick County was reincorporated as Warwick City in 1952, then merged into the City of Newport News in 1958. Many former farms became residential developments and/or industrial parks, but archeological research conducted first. Colonial Williamsburg&#39;s renowned archeologist Ivor Noël Hume excavated the Denbigh Plantation Site during the 1960s. His findings revealed much about early domestic life in the Virginia colony. In addition to the manor house, the site also includes several 17th-century industrial sites and the archeological remains of the 18th-century home of the Digges family. The foundations of both the Digges and Mathews houses have been capped and delineate their outlines, one with a historical marker in a small park at 10 Blacksmythe Lane. An 18th-century dairy and early 19th-century kitchen associated with the Digges homestead are still standing. The earliest known porcelain in Virginia, as well as other early artifacts, were found here during excavation. Although now surrounded by residential development, these sites are preserved within neighborhood parks.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Fort Crafford is a historic archaeological site located at Fort Eustis, Newport News, Virginia. It is a pentagonal-shaped earthwork located on Mulberry Island and built by Confederate forces in 1862. The earthworks on Mulberry Island are considered part of the Warwick Line. The purpose of these works was to prevent the Union from flanking the line on the James River. The fort formed the James River terminus of the second trans-peninsula defensive line, which included fortifications at Lees Mill, as well as Dam No.1 and Wynnes Mill in Newport News Park.</p><br>
<p>Mulberry Point Battery, a water battery, guarded the Swash Channel along the James River. This battery was a complement to Fort Huger on the south side of the river. In February 1862 a pentagonal earthwork enclosing approximately eight acres was constructed inland from the Mulberry Point Battery to protect the battery from overland attack and to be a refuge for soldiers if the Minor Farm Line (a short rifle line constructed to defend the rear of the battery) was overrun. The fort was called the "covering work at Mulberry Island," or Mulberry Island Fort; later it became known as Fort Crafford after the owners of the land where it was built. Construction was overseen by Pvt. James P. Hopkins of the Warwick Beauregards, who was noted as illiterate but possessing uncanny abilities in design, clearing land, and construction. This fort was not intended to be part of the main Warwick Line, but was separated from it by about half a mile so that troops could withdraw from the line into the fort if necessary. Confederate forces withdrew from Mulberry Island in May 1862 to move closer to Richmond, so Fort Crafford never saw combat.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of the Crafford house located within the earthwork was excavated in the 1970s by amateur archaeologists of the Fort Eustis Historical and Archaeological Association. The brick and oyster-shell mortar foundation of the house remains, surrounded by a protective fence.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, archaeologists from the Colonial Williamsburg Department of Archaeological Research conducted investigations into a seventeenth-century occupation of the area within the Civil War fortification. Three areas of seventeenth-century domestic activity were identified.</p><br>
<p>Fort Crafford was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Lees Mill Earthworks is a historic archaeological site located at Newport News, Virginia. The earthworks formed part of the fortifications along the James River, which included fortifications at Fort Crafford, as well as, Dam No.1, and Wynnes Mill in Newport News Park. On April 5, 1862, advance units of Union Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes IV Corps, under the command of Union Brigadier General William Farrar Smith, encountered Confederate units commanded by Brigadier General Lafayette McLaws at Lees Mill. Heavy rains and massive earthen fortifications defending the river crossing stopped the Union troops from proceeding to Richmond. Confederate Major General John B. Magruders extensive defensives beginning at Lees Mill and extending to Yorktown along the Warwick River caused the Union Army of the Potomac Commander Major General George B. McClellan to initiate a month-long siege of the Warwick-Yorktown Line which lasted until May 3, 1862 and contributed to the eventual failure of McClellan&#39;s campaign.</p><br>
<p>Lees Mill has recently been preserved and is being transformed into a passive park with trails interpreting the fortifications. The earthen fortifications remain visible in many locations, including Newport News Park and the Lees Mill subdivision. An active effort will be made to delineate, preserve and interpret these earthworks for the future.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>First Denbigh Parish Church Archeological Site is a historic archaeological site located at Newport News, Virginia. The site is located on the bluff overlooking the Warwick River at the mouth of Church Creek. It took its name from nearby Denbigh Plantation and was constructed in 1636.</p><br>
<h2>Original site, 1636-1686</h2><br>
<p>The earliest dated documentary reference to the existence of the first Denbigh Parish Church occurs in the 1635 patent of the Reverend Thomas Butler, who was "Clark and Pastor of Denbigh." Anthony Yonge of London, who made his will on February 20, 1636, bequeathed 500 pounds of tobacco to Denbigh Church. At that time, Denbigh was one of three parishes in Warwick County, Virginia, a political jurisdiction which was established by law in 1634. As Warwick County&#39;s other parishes, Stanley Hundred (on Mulberry Island) and Nutmeg Quarter are known to have been established by the 1620s, Denbigh Parish may also been established around the same time. It is likely that the original site may have been granted by Abraham Piersey or Captain Samuel Matthews land holdings at Denbigh Plantation, with the manor house less than 1/3 mile away.</p><br>
<p>In 1656 Nutmeg Quarter Parish was joined with Denbigh Parish at the request of the former&#39;s parishioners, who "initiated their desire by reason of their small number no longer to continue a parish...but to be united to the parish of Denbigh." The Nutmeg Quarter Church became a chapel of ease for Denbigh Parish, a reference point in later land patents.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, the original site, known as the first Denbigh Parish Church, is located on private property at 18 Walters Road. During a 1981 archaeological survey of the original site, charred timbers found suggests that the first church may have been destroyed by fire, necessitating the construction of a new building.</p><br>
<p>The site of the first Denbigh Parish Church nearer the river was abandoned permanently around 1686. Eighteenth and nineteenth century cartographers depicted the area as undeveloped woods and farmland, a condition in which it remained until the 1970s when the Shenks constructed their modern residence near the original church site.</p><br>
<h2>Later site, 1686-current</h2><br>
<p>A new structure no larger than the first (known as the second Denbigh Parish Church) was built by 1686 about 2 miles WNW from the original site, reflecting shifting population densities.</p><br>
<p>A third frame structure for Warwick Parish (known as the third Denbigh Parish Church) was rebuilt on the later site about 1774. The second church site and third church building were visited by Bishop William Meade in 1854. He lists some of the earlier ministers in his chronicles:</p><br>
<p>1635, Rev. Thomas Butler, Rev. George White</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1647, Rev. James Backler</p><br>
<p>1647, Rev. John Phillips</p><br>
<p>1680, Rev. John Lawrence</p><br>
<p>1688–1696, Rev. Cope D&#39;oyley (who left to serve as rector at Bruton Parish Church from 1697 to 1702)</p><br>
<p>1714–1723, Rev. James Schlater</p><br>
<p>1754, Rev. Roscow Cole, son of William Cole (burgess)</p><br>
<p>1758, Rev. Thomas Davis</p><br>
<p>1773–1776, Rev. William Hubard</p><br>
<p>1785–1786, Rev. William Bland</p><br>
<p>1787, Mr. John Wood, Rev. Camm</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church (Church of England), which had been the state-established church in Virginia since 1609, waned dramatically after the end of the American Revolution in 1783. Congregations generally withered away or reorganized under other denominations. (The Anglican church in America itself reorganized as Episcopal in 1789, without affiliation to the English crown.) Bishop Meade acknowledges the use by other denominations in his 1854 visit chronicles. The church histories of the early Grafton Baptist Church and Denbigh Baptist Church corroborate a Mr. Matthew Wood leaving the former around 1796 to serve the later congregation in Denbigh, which suggests a 1796 date for initial Baptist use, which would be logically supported by Virginias 1786 Statue of Religious Freedom and 1802 Glebe Act around that same time. Baptists are firmly documented to have been on the site by 1834. The site would also be overlappingly referred to as "Tenderbranch" from 1774 to 1833 (referring to the tender of the colonial-era gristmill 1/3 mile away, later known as Youngs Mill), and "Warwick Church" from 1810 to 1881. In modern times, this later site is known as Denbigh Baptist Church and is located at 13010 Mitchell Point Road, where the current historical marker is erected.</p><br>
<p>The sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>North End Historic District is a national historic district located at Newport News, Virginia. It encompasses 451 contributing buildings in a primarily residential section of Newport News. It is a compact, middle-class and upper middle-class residential neighborhood that arose during the period 1900–1935 in association with the nearby Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. The neighborhood includes notable examples of the Victorian, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow styles. Notable buildings include the Walter A. Post House , John Livesay House , J. E. Warren House , W. L. Shumate House , and Willet House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Stinson Memorial Library is a public library located at 409 S. Main St. in Anna, Illinois. The library was designed by Walter Burley Griffin in 1913 and constructed in 1913&ndash;14. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Walter Burley Griffin studied under Frank Lloyd Wright, and while his early work was similar to Wrights Prairie School designs, his later work exhibited an Expressionist influence as well; the Stinson Memorial Library was one of the latter designs. The buildings exterior consists of three main design elements: a tall limestone base, a concrete band of windows encircling the top of the base, and large concrete pillars on either side of the entrance. The limestone in the base is roughly cut and coursed to give the building a natural appearance. The windows in the upper band are made from leaded glass and feature concrete piers on each side. The sill and lintel of the windows continuously circle the building; the lintel is topped by the library&#39;s low hip roof.</p><br>
<p>The library&#39;s entrance leads to a vestibule with three flights of stairs, one heading to the upper-level library and two to the lower-level auditorium. The library was designed as a single open room with bookshelves delineating the different areas within the space. The room is accentuated by decorative light fixtures and stained glass patterns. The auditorium, which features a stage for performances, is lit by five windows on the rear side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, Anna businessman Robert Burns Stinson bequeathed his estate to the city to fund a public library. By 1913, the donation had grown large enough to fund the construction of a library, and Griffin was hired to design the building. While the lowest bid on the library initially came from a contractor in St. Louis, Griffin hired F. P. Mueller of Chicago to construct the building, as he was concerned that the original contractor could not carry out his design. Work on the building began in 1913 and was completed in 1914. The library was dedicated on August 14, 1914, shortly after Griffin relocated to Australia; it was one of the last buildings Griffin designed in America. The building has only undergone minor alterations since its construction and still serves as Anna&#39;s public library.</p><br>
<p>Freemason Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was designed by architect Thomas Ustick Walter and dedicated in 1850. It is a one-story, Perpendicular Gothic style stuccoed brick church. The front facade features a projecting belfry and two stage tower topped by an octagonal spire.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Allmand–Archer House is a historic house located at 327 Duke Street in the West Freemason Street Area Historic District of Norfolk, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built about 1795, and is a two-story, three-bay brick townhouse, approximately 30 feet square. The front facade is stuccoed with stucco quoins in a Classical Revival style. The house has a recessed front entrance framed by a pedimented entablature supported on fluted Roman Doric order columns and pilasters. During the War of 1812, it housed American officers stationed in Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1971.</p><br>
<p>Taylor–Whittle House is a historic home located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built about 1791, and is a two-story, three-bay, 40 feet square, Federal style brick townhouse. The house has a pedimented gable roof, and a small pedimented roof supported on Doric order columns over the porch. It has a brick and frame rear kitchen ell. There is a two-level Italianate style porch added to the garden side. The Norfolk Historic Foundation took possession of the house in 1972, and house has served as the offices of the Norfolk Historical Society and the Junior League of Norfolk-Virginia Beach until 2011.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Obediah Shirley House, sometimes referred to as the Obediah and Jennie Shirley Home is a historic farmhouse with a fieldstone foundation, located near Honea Path, South Carolina. Its construction was completed in several phases in order to accommodate the Shirley family as their family grew in number. The original, one-story log cabin was built in 1826 with the second-floor and two rooms to the north added before 1850. After 1850, a third room was added to the house, which increased the width. The front porch and kitchen were added in later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by descendants of Obediah Shirley until 1988, when the house and one acre of land was donated to the Obediah Shirley House Foundation. Structural restoration was completed after the donation, including leveling the foundation with boulders from an adjacent property, replacement of the porch roof framing, and a new roof. Listed in the National Register September 3, 1999. The house is currently open to tour by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The Willoughby–Baylor House is a historic home located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built about 1794, and is a two-story, three-bay, brick detached townhouse with a gable roof. It features a Greek Revival style doorway and porch supported on two pairs of Greek Doric order columns. These features were added in the mid-1820s. It was built by William Willoughby , a local merchant and building contractor. The building is open as a historic house museum operated by the Chrysler Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Boush–Tazewell House is a historic home located at Norfolk, Virginia, USA. It was built about 1783–1784, and is a two-story, Georgian frame house, five bays wide and two bays deep, with a slate covered deck-on-hip roof. It has a two-level, tetrastyle pedimented portico supported by slender Tuscan order columns on both levels. It originally stood in downtown Norfolk and was completely dismantled and re-erected in its present location around 1902. The house was purchased in 1810 by Congressman, Senator and Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell . His family continued to occupy the house until 1894.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Faith Cabin Library at Anderson County Training School in Pendleton, South Carolina was one of the 26 Faith Cabin Libraries constructed in South Carolina to offer library services to rural African Americans who were barred from using other library facilities. The one-room, free-standing log cabin with a fieldstone chimney and foundation was built on the grounds of the Anderson County Training School, a Rosenwald School, and paid for by money and timber from the local community.</p><br>
<p>It was open year-round to serve the community and school until its closure in 1954 when a new equalization school was built nearby. It is currently owned by the Pendleton Community Center.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk City Hall, also known as the MacArthur Memorial, is a historic city hall located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built in 1847, and is a two-story, stuccoed and granite faced, temple-form building measuring 80 ft by 60 ft. It features a front portico supported by six massive Tuscan order columns, and a gable roof topped by a cupola. The building housed city offices until 1918, and courtrooms until 1960.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the entire building interior was gutted to house the museum and tomb of General Douglas MacArthur and his wife. The MacArthur Memorial also includes a visitor center building and a research center.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Old Norfolk City Hall, also known as the Seaboard Building and USA Post Office and Courthouse, is a historic city hall located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built in 1898–1900, and is a three-story faced with rusticated stone and yellow brick in a Neo-Palladian Revival style. It features a central pedimented engaged portico with Corinthian order pilasters that contains the main entrance. The building housed a post office and Federal courts until they moved to the Walter E. Hoffman United States Courthouse about 1935. Title to the building was transferred from the USA government to the city of Norfolk in 1937, when it was converted into a city hall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. In 2009, it became Norfolk&#39;s main library. In 2014, the library was expanded to become the Slover Branch/Downtown Norfolk Public Library; the expansion included construction of a new atrium connecting the former city hall with the neighboring Selden Arcade. The library is named in honor of Samuel L. Slover, former mayor of Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church is a historic African-American Baptist church located in Norfolk, Virginia. It was designed by architect R. H. Hunt and dedicated in 1906. It is a Romanesque Revival-style church with a richly ornamented facade of rough-faced, pink granite ashlar and limestone trim. It features a tall, eight-level corner tower with a multiplicity of window types and a shorter flanking tower at the opposite corner. Construction began in 1904.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital is a second-generation Veterans Health Administration hospital in Hines, Illinois, United States. It currently encompasses 174 acre on its campus and leases an additional 60 acre to the Loyola University Medical Center.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1918 on land donated by the Edward Hines Lumber Company that was originally Speedway Park, a board track racecourse. The building was originally intended to house casualties from World War I, and Hines wanted the building to serve as a hospital after the war. Hines was successful in lobbying the United States Congress to take over the facility as a veterans hospital in 1920. In 2013, 45 acre of the campus, including the Old Airmail and Postal Service Buildings from the Maywood Air Mail Field, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Speedway Park and early developments</h3><br>
<p>The history of the property in Hines, Illinois began in 1835, when the land was sold to Frederick Bronson by the United States government. The land was used for farming until 1914, when the Speedway Park Association purchased the 320 acre lot to develop a race track. The organization built a 2 mi oval wooden track on the land and held races starting in June 1915. The track was one of the longest board tracks in the United States. The course was host to a number of national and international racing competitions featuring competitors such as Barney Oldfield, Ralph DePalma, Louis Chevrolet, and Dario Resta. The track was initially very successful, attracting as many as 45,000 spectators. However, the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 doomed the financial viability of the racetrack. It was one of the first board tracks to close; most board tracks in the United States were closed by the end of the 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The course was purchased in December 1917 by the Edward Hines Lumber Company on behalf of Edward Hines Sr. Once the United States entered World War I, the City of Chicago sought a site for a temporary military hospital. Edward Hines Jr. was killed on the front lines in France in the opening months of American involvement in the war. In his memory, Hines Sr. offered to donate his new property as a potential site of the Chicago facility; it was selected in September 1918. The Field Museum of Natural History was also considered as a location for the facility. However, it was feared that the conversion of the museum to a medical facility would prove too costly. The fact that Hines&#39; hospital was built to be a hospital also played in his favor. Hines intended to build a fireproof building that could house casualties during the war and then operate as a public hospital after the war. Schmidt, Garden and Martin and H. B. Wheelock were awarded the commission to design the facility, and the Shank Company was tasked with its construction.</p><br>
<p>When World War I ended in November 1918, the agreement with Hines was terminated as there was no longer a need to house casualties. The hospital stood partially constructed for the next two years as Hines led an effort to lobby Congress to have the building taken over by the United States Public Health Service. Secretary of the Treasury Carter Glass disapproved of the plan because no official contract was signed between Hines and the federal government. However, an investigation by the United States Department of War found sufficient evidence of a verbal agreement between the two parties. With help from Congressmen Adolph J. Sabath, James Robert Mann, Martin B. Madden, and Carl R. Chindblom, a Senate vote on the matter passed 33 to 27. $3.4 million was appropriated to the project under the condition that Hines provided an additional $1.6 million. The transfer was approved in March 1920 and construction began again.</p><br>
<p>The campus was originally known as USA Public Health Service Hospital Number 76, and was popularly referred to as Speedway Hospital or Broadview Hospital. In honor of his contribution to see the facility completed, on October 24, 1921, President Warren G. Harding declared that the facility was to be renamed to honor Hines&#39; son. It was the first American veterans hospital to be named after a person. The first patient was admitted on August 8, 1921. A dedication ceremony was held on November 6, 1921 led by Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch and Senator Medill McCormick.</p><br>
<h3>1920s–1940s expansions</h3><br>
<p>The Main Infirmary Building was capable of housing a thousand beds, and by February 1922, was already near capacity. The unique building was only 50 ft wide, but 2,040 ft long so that every room could have sunlight. It was also the largest fireproof hospital in the nation, and featured many state-of-the-art technologies such as an electric call system and an x-ray department. Seven other buildings were erected during initial construction in 1921: the Morgue and Utility Shops; the Recreational and Library Building; the Kitchen, Chapel, and Social Service Building; the Power House; the Subsistence Building; the Garage; and the Supply Depot. The facility was transferred from the Public Health Service to the recently created Veterans Bureau in April 1922. By 1925, the campus saw over 3,100 admissions per year.</p><br>
<p>In May 1928, President Calvin Coolidge approved a $15 million appropriation to improve veterans health facilities, including $1.1 million for Hines. With this money, the hospital was able to renovate its staff quarters into tuberculosis and behavioral health wards. They also built a new administration building and employee housing, thus opening more space in the Main Infirmary Building, increasing its capacity to 1,600. It was also at this point that the hospital grounds were extensively landscaped with a sunken garden, a new street lighting system, a new east entrance, and new drives. The landscaping is attributed to Jens Jensen, although it is uncertain if Jensen&#39;s design was ever implemented. On July 26, 1931, the Doughboy Fountain was donated by the Cook County American Legion Auxiliary in honor of World War I veterans. A memorial to Medal of Honor recipient George Dilboy, who was killed in the war, was unveiled in 1942. Hines Hospital became the national leader in surgery for veterans facilities, performing over 14,600 procedures per year by 1935.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, a new eighty-three building complex was built adjacent to the property with a $4.5 million appropriation. Known as the Vaughan General Hospital, it was built on the 102 acre grounds of the former Maywood Air Mail Field to serve the needs of the Army. The first patient was admitted on August 1, 1944. The new campus was added to the Hines complex after the war in April 1946, increasing the capacity of Hines from 1,600 to 3,253 beds. The new campus also afforded Hines the opportunity to manufacture some of its medical equipment and establish a medical research division. In 1946, Hines partnered with five medical schools to become a training center.</p><br>
<h3>1960s to present</h3><br>
<p>In 1962, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare transferred 31 acres of the Hines property to the State of Illinois Department of Mental Health so that they could build a new mental health facility. The John J. Madden Clinic took over mental health operations from the hospital, allowing Hines to re-purpose 280 beds to intensive care. Also that year, 60 acre of the Vaughan campus were leased to Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine to build a new medical school. The 451-bed Foster G. McGraw Hospital, later known as the Loyola University Medical Center, opened on May 29, 1969. This partnership allowed Hines to have one of the most comprehensive residency programs among veterans hospitals.</p><br>
<p>The Vietnam War brought another influx of injured veterans to Hines. In response, a $32 million, 1,200 bed hospital was built from 1966 to 1970 to replace the Main Infirmary Building. A 120-bed Nursing Home Care Unite was completed in 1982 to treat aging veterans of the two World Wars. By the early 1990s, the complex had sixty-two buildings, including one of five Blind Rehabilitation Centers in the Veterans Affairs network. An eighteen-bedroom Ronald McDonald House was added in 1995. By 1996, the facility had serviced 900,000 patients. The most recent developments are a new Blind Rehabilitation Center and Spinal Cord Injury Center in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Historical recognition</h3><br>
<p>The historic value of the campus was recognized in 1980, when the Old Airmail and Postal Service Buildings were determined to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service. The buildings may be the oldest mail airport structures in the United States, serving the Postal Service between 1922 and 1927. Charles Lindbergh piloted the maiden air mail flight between Chicago and St. Louis, Missouri on April 15, 1926. Today, the buildings house a garage and an inflammable storage building. Two years later, the VA hospital was also determined eligible for listing, although neither property was listed in the following decades. These two entities were combined into the Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District, which was listed on October 9, 2013. The 45 acre district includes twenty-six of the early buildings on campus.</p><br>
<p>Woodson Farmstead was a historic agricultural property located off of Three Bridges Road near the intersection of South Carolina Highway 153 in Powdersville, South Carolina. It consisted of an early twentieth century fruit and pecan grove, a ca. 1875 well house and cotton house and a farmhouse built in 1895. The property was originally purchased in 1850 by William Woodson, who sold the property to his nephew, James Allen Woodson in 1892. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>In 1895, James Woodson commissioned Washington, D.C.–based builder John O. Scheck to design and construct his farmhouse. Unlike a typical farmhouse in the region, the two-story house was built with Eastlake and Queen Anne ornamentation including stained glass windows and an elaborately detailed porch.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse was the last building standing and it was demolished in 2011. However, the farmstead has not been delisted from the NRHP as of November 13, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Queens Campus or Old Queens Campus is a historic section of the College Avenue Campus of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Queens Campus spans one city block on a hilltop overlooking the Raritan River. In 1807, the heirs of John Parker of Perth Amboy led by James Parker, Jr., a prominent local merchant and political figure, donated a six-acre apple orchard to the trustees of Queens College and its grammar school. The college—which was renamed Rutgers College in 1825—built its first building, Old Queens, from 1809 to 1823. Old Queens was used for instruction, student chapel services, and housed members of the colleges faculty. In the institution&#39;s early years, the building housed the college, its grammar school (until 1830), and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (until 1856).</p><br>
<p>By the end of the nineteenth century, the Queens Campus contained seven buildings designed by architects John McComb, Jr., Nicholas Wyckoff, Williard Smith, Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, and Van Campen Taylor. These buildings were erected to accommodate the small but expanding liberal arts colleges classroom instruction, student activities, faculty offices, chapel, library, and housing into the middle of the twentieth century. Six buildings remain and are used to accommodate the universitys core administrative offices, a geological museum, the college chapel, and a former astronomical observatory that is no longer used. The Queens Campus was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The oldest building, Old Queens, was designated as a national landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queens Campus contains the historic core of the Rutgers University community and houses the offices of the universitys president and key administrative posts. The campus is located on one city block adjacent to New Brunswicks commercial district. This block is bounded by Somerset Street, George Street, Hamilton Street, and College Avenue. The six building that occupy the campus are the universitys oldest structures and represent a range of nineteenth-century architectural styles. Due to its architectural and historical significance, Queens Campus was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1973, and on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973. Often evoked as a symbol of the universitys heritage, Old Queens was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The hilltop on which Queens Campus was later erected was where Alexander Hamilton, then an artillery captain commanding sixty men of the New York Provincial Company of Artillery, placed his cannons to cover the retreat of George Washingtons forces in late November 1776. After disastrous defeats at Long Island, Harlem Heights, and Fort Washington, Washington surrendered New York City to the British. British forces commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis under orders from Lieutenant General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe pursued Washington as far as New Brunswick, where he and his troops forded the Raritan River and passed through New Brunswick on their way south into Pennsylvania. Positioned on the hilltop above the Raritan, Hamiltons artillery slowed the British advance and afforded Washington sufficient time to escape. One American combatant, Captain Enoch Anderson, remarked that, "A severe cannonading took place on both sides, and several were killed and wounded on our side." The British forces occupied New Brunswick for the next seven months, and a battalion of Hessian troops were encamped on the site. A historic marker erected as a gift of the Class of 1899 is located next to the chapel marking the location of Hamilton&#39;s battery.</p><br>
<p>A few years after receiving its charter in 1766, Queens College began holding classes in a local tavern and students boarded at houses in the city. The Rev. Ira Condict became the schools third president in 1795, but financial constraints forced the college to close for several years. Condict focused on operating the colleges grammar school until sufficient funds were raised to support the colleges reopening.</p><br>
<p>In 1807, Perth Amboy merchant John Parker bequeathed a six-acre apple orchard on a hill in New Brunswick to the trustees of Queens College. Condict had been raising funds to reopen the school with the assistance of Andrew Kirkpatrick, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, a trustee who taught at the grammar school in 1782. With a successful fundraising effort, obtaining the support of the Reformed Churchs Synod of New York, and with Parkers donation of the six-acre apple orchard tract, Queens College was reopened.</p><br>
<p>Demarest, David D.. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Board of Publication of the Reformed Church in America, 1885) The trustees decided to build a large building to house the colleges instruction, and provide housing for the faculty, to house the grammar school. The building would also house a theological seminary, run by the Rev. John Henry Livingston, that the Synod decided to move from New York to New Brunswick. Condict laid the cornerstone of Old Queens in 1809. The following year, he resigned as president despite requests that he accept the post in full capacity. Condict elected to return to teaching and toward ministering to his congregation at the citys First Reformed Church, and he was succeeded by Livingston.</p><br>
<p>The college, grammar school, and theological seminary shared Old Queens for several years, although Queen&#39;s College would close again for a few years later after continued financial troubles in the wake of the War of 1812. After student bodies of both the college and theological seminary expanded in the 1850s, the New Brunswick Theological Seminary built their own building, Hertzog Hall, on a hill one half-mile away in 1856. The grammar school would remain associated with the University until 1957. With the university fully transitioning from a private institution into a state university, the university and the school, now called Rutgers Preparatory School severed their ties. The preparatory school relocated to a new campus in Somerset.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s, Rutgers began expanding with the addition of science, engineering, military, and agricultural education as New Jersey&#39;s sole land grant college, and with substantial financial support and donations.</p><br>
<p>In the first two decades of the twentieth century, Rutgers expanded its student body, and built a larger campus in New Brunswick—starting with library (1903), gymanisum, and additional classroom buildings on the Voorhees Mall. The university would continue to expand in New Brunswick, Piscataway, and surrounding communities with the addition of land that is now the College Avenue, Busch, Livingston, Cook, Douglass campuses. It has grown from a small liberal arts college offering instruction to a student body of a few hundred students to a major state university bestowing over 14,000 degrees a year. As of 2013, 65,000 undergraduate and graduate students study at Rutgers, instructed by more than 9,000 full-time and part-time faculty and supported by more than 15,000 full-time and part-time staff members. In Rutgers 247 years, over 450,000 alumni from all 50 USA states and more than 120 foreign countries have attended and received degrees from the university. Today, the buildings on the Queens Campus house the administrative offices for one of Americas largest state university systems with campuses in three cities and programs statewide, the college chapel, an active geological museum, and a preserved nineteenth-century astronomical observatory.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Old Queens (1809–23)</h3><br>
<p>After a successful effort to raise funds to reopen Queens College, the trustees hired New York architect John McComb, Jr. (1763–1853) to design and oversee the construction of a building to house the college. McComb was known for several landmarks in New York City and the surrounding region, including several lighthouses, Gracie Mansion (1799), Hamilton Grange (1802), New York City Hall (1803), and St. Johns Chapel (1803, demolished 1918). McComb designed a three-story Federal-style edifice built from New Jersey brownstone.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for Old Queens was laid on April 27, 1809 by Queens Colleges president, the Rev. Ira Condict, who did so "with his left hand, in consequence of suffering a temporary lameness in his right." Classes began within the completed portions of the building as early as 1811 for Queens College (now Rutgers University), Queens College Grammar School (now Rutgers Preparatory School), and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary. The college was forced to close temporarily, not reopening until 1825. Henry Rutgers donated funds to reopen the school in the form of a $5,000 bond, and gave a bell that was placed in the cupola of Old Queens. The bell is rung on important events, including convocations, commencements, and key athletic victories. Today, Old Queens houses the offices of the university president and upper administrative staff.</p><br>
<h3>President&#39;s House (1841–42)</h3><br>
<p>The board of trustees appropriated $8,000 to build a residence for the colleges president that was completed in 1842. The colleges sixth president, Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck, was the first to take up residence in the house. His predecessor, Philip Milledoler lived in Old Queens and John Henry Livingston owned a home on an avenue that was renamed Livingston Avenue in his honor.</p><br>
<p>With the appointment of John Charles Van Dyke as art history professor in 1891, the "Presidents House" was used for classes and studio space for the colleges Department of Fine Arts. During this period, it housed the colleges art collections, including the Thomas L. Janeway Memorial Collection. Janeway, an 1863 alumnus of the college, provided a collection of casts, marble, lithographs, and photographs with a focus on classical archaeology that illustrated "the topography, art, life, and literature of Ancient Greece and Rome." In 1917, the Rutgers Club of New Brunswick renovated the building for the "social uses of the alumni and faculty." The building was razed after sustaining considerable damage during the Great Atlantic hurricane which made landfall in the New York City area in September 1944. The demolition took place from February to March 1954. Presently, The location of the former Presidents House is "Lot 1", a parking lot on the Queens Campus.</p><br>
<h3>Van Nest Hall (1845)</h3><br>
<p>In 1845, Rutgers College hired local builder and architect Nicholas Wyckoff to build a two-story brick building in the southwest corner of the colleges small campus. The trustees named the new building after Abraham Van Nest (1777–1864), a New York City merchant and president of the Greenwich Savings Bank, who served as a trustee for over forty years, "in recognition of his services and gifts." The building featured two large rooms on its first floor which were used by the schools two literary societies, Peithessophian and Philoclean which were significant in campus life in the nineteenth century. The second floor contained the chemical laboratory of Professor Lewis Caleb Beck (1798–1853) who taught at Rutgers for 23 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, supported by donation from Van Nests daughter, Ann Van Nest Bussing, the trustees expanded the building by adding a third floor and adding "an appropriate stone porch." The first floor at this time had been renovated to house the colleges history faculty and a chapter of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA). In 1893, the new third floor boasted a "large and well-lighted room for the uses of classes in draughting" and the second floor for work in graphics, while housing collections of the Engineering school. In 1917, Van Nests second and third floors were occupied by the English and education department.</p><br>
<h3>Daniel S. Schanck Observatory (1865)</h3><br>
<p>The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory was designed by architect Willard Smith as a copy of the Tower of the Winds in Athens. The two-story Greek Revival octagonal brick astronomical observatory was built in 1865 soon after Rutgers College was selected as New Jersey&#39;s sole land grant college. Rutgers named the building after New York City businessman, Daniel S. Schanck, who donated a large portion of the funds to construct and equip the observatory. The cost of cost of construction and equipment amounted to US$6,166 (2013: US$86,845.07), of which US$2,400 (2013: US$33,802.82) was donated by Schanck (1812–1872). Rutgers equipped the observatory with "a 6.5-inch equatorial refracting telescope, a meridian circle with four-inch object glass for transit observations, a sidereal clock, a mean solar clock...chronograph, repeating circle, and other instruments."</p><br>
<p>The Schanck Observatory served as the university&#39;s first astronomical facility and was used to provide instruction to its students through the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It is no longer in use.</p><br>
<h3>Geology Hall (1872)</h3><br>
<p>Geology Hall, formerly Geological Hall, was built in 1872 with funds raised by the colleges president, William Henry Campbell for the purpose of facilitating the expansion of science and agriculture education. Rutgers expanded these programs after being named New Jerseys only land grant college. The design was the second of three projects for Rutgers College prepared by architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh. Hardenbergh&#39;s design called initially for a Gothic Revival style brick building, although it was revised to use brownstone, a cheaper alternative.</p><br>
<p>The buildings first floor provided rooms for laboratory and lecture instruction for the colleges physics, military science, and geology departments, as well as house the college&#39;s armory. The second floor was designed to accommodate a geological museum.</p><br>
<p>At present, the building houses administrative offices and the university&#39;s geological museum. The museum, which is among the oldest collegiate geology collections in the United States, was founded by state geologist and Rutgers professor George Hammell Cook in 1872. It features exhibits on geology, paleontology, and anthropology, with an emphasis on the natural history of New Jersey, that include fluorescent zinc minerals from Franklin and Ogdensburg, a dinosaur trackway discovered in Towaco, a mastodon from Salem County, and a Ptolemaic era Egyptian mummy.</p><br>
<h3>Kirkpatrick Chapel (1873)</h3><br>
<p>When Sophia Astley Kirkpatrick died in 1871, she left named Rutgers College as the residuary legatee of her estate. The college&#39;s trustees decided to appropriate most of the bequest to fund the construction of a chapel. Hardenbergh employed the High Victorian Gothic Revival style—and in particular features common to fourteenth-century German and English Gothic churches—popular at the middle of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of Kirkpatrick Chapel was built from New Jersey brownstone, and has been described as "similar to an English country church." According to the New Jersey Historic Trust, the chapel&#39;s stained glass windows feature "some of the first opalescent and multicolored sheet glass manufactured in America." Four of the chapels windows were created by the studios of Louis Comfort Tiffany.</p><br>
<p>For its first 30 years, the chapel was used as a college library and for 50 years for daily student body chapel services. As the colleges student body increased in size, student body chapel services became less frequent until Rutgers transitioned to become New Jerseys state university beginning in 1945. The chapel is available to students, alumni, and faculty of all faiths and a variety of services are held throughout the academic term. It is also used for university events including convocation, concerts, alumni and faculty weddings, funerals, and often as the site of lectures by prominent intellectuals and world leaders. Since 1876, graduating classes would have a stone on the exterior of the chapel carved with their class year.</p><br>
<h3>Winants Hall (1890)</h3><br>
<p>During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, students rented rooms from local boarding houses as the college did not offer dormitories or other student housing. In 1890, Garret E. Winants, a college trustee and wealthy philanthropist from Bayonne presented to the trustees a sketch of a proposed dormitory and a donation of $75,000 to build it. The building was designed by architect Van Campen Taylor, an 1867 graduate of Rutgers College, and Winants Hall was erected in 1890. Winants would serve as Rutgers College&#39;s sole dormitory until 1915 when Ford Hall was built on the Voorhees Mall along College Avenue. After World War II, Winants was converted to offices for faculty and academic departments, and for administrative staff.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, a century after its construction, Winants Hall underwent a $9.4 million restoration. The building currently houses the universitys alumni relations and legal counsel offices, and the universitys fundraising arm, the Rutgers University Foundation.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The Queens Campus is a six-acre tract. During his ten-year tenure as Rutgers College&#39;s sixth president during the 1840s, Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck (1791–1879) began planting and caring for "many of the noble trees that now adorn the campus."</p><br>
<p>There are four gates on providing entrance to the campus:</p><br>
<p>The Class of 1883 Memorial Gateway (erected in 1904) is located at the northeast corner of George Street and Somerset Streets and is the main entrance for vehicle and foot traffic to the Queens Campus.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Rutgers Baldwin Gateway (erected 1901) located on the south side of the campus on College Avenue roughly half of the distance between Somerset and Hamilton Streets. It was named for Henry Rutgers Baldwin, an alumnus from the Rutgers College class of 1849. It provides an exit for vehicular traffic.</p><br>
<p>The Class of 1882 Gateway (erected 1907) at the southeast corner of Somerset Street and College Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Class of 1902 Memorial Gateway (erected in 1904) is located on the western side of the campus on Hamilton Street half the distance between George Street and College Avenue. It features a wrought iron and brownstone entrance portal and brownstone stairway and provides access to foot traffic between the Queens Campus and Voorhees Mall sections of the College Avenue Campus. It is through this last gate that graduating seniors have walked in procession during Commencement exercises held in May in years past.</p><br>
<p>The campus contains several memorials, including trees planted in honour of victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, and other persons connected to the university. Located in front of Old Queens, the Class of 1877 Cannon commemorates both the Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War and several alumni who have served in the United States military. As a tradition during commencement, those graduating break clay pipes over the cannon as a symbol of breaking ties with their "pipe dreams" of youth and embarking into adulthood. In front of the cannon is a plaque given in 1949 by the Rutgers College class of 1924 in memory of three military servicemen who died in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Christ and St. Luke&#39;s Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built in 1909–1910, and is a long, narrow building of rough-faced random ashlar in the English Perpendicular Gothic Revival style. It features a tall, four-stage corner tower crowned with battlements and pinnacles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located in the North Ghent Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette Grammar and High School, also known as Lafayette I.O.P. Center, is a historic school complex located at Norfolk, Virginia. The grammar school was built in 1905, and is a two-story brick building in the Colonial Revival style. It has a slate covered hipped roof and arched window openings. The high school was built in 1910, and is a two-story brick building connected to the grammar school. The school was abandoned in 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
